Particle size is one of the most important pieces of information for understanding the behaviour of different types of materials. An ideal solution for measuring particle size distributions with high resolution is to use sedimentation in the centrifugal field of an ultracentrifuge
Nanostructures (quantum dots, nanocrystals, nanofibres, nanomembranes, nanotubes, ...) are referred to as objects with dimensions in the range of units to tens of nanometres. They exhibit unique physical and chemical properties that are not observed in the macroworld. Nanotechnology is considered to be one of the main sources of innovation in technology and one of the top priorities in science for the 21st century.
Perovskites are a large class of materials with a crystal structure similar to a mineral called perovskite (CaTiO3). Their general chemical formula is ABX3, where A and B are cations and X is an anion. Perovskites therefore offer a large number of possible combinations of chemical compositions and are seen as a material for the next generation of solar cells.
Increasing attention is being paid to methods of laser cooling atoms to extremely low temperatures and trapping them. These techniques are providing new information about the mechanisms operating at the atomic and molecular level. They find applications in the study of fundamental constants, the creation of optical frequency standards (atomic clocks), quantum information science and atomic interferometry.